Introduction

• CD163 is a hemoglobin scavenger receptor exclusively expressed in the monocyte-macrophage system PMID: 18311079

• Soluble haemoglobin scavenger receptor (sCD163) is a specific marker of anti-inflammatory macrophages. PMID: 18190604

• the Hb scavenger receptor CD163 and HCP-1 constitute a linked pathway for Hb catabolism and heme-iron recycling in human macrophages. PMID: 17947394

• Soluble CD163 (sCD163) is a scavenger receptor shed in serum during inflammatory activation of macrophages, predicts mortality in acute liver failure. PMID: 17629586

• CD163 belongs to group B of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein family found on the surface of monocytes and macrophages and is responsible for Hb-haptoglobin (Hp) complex uptake. PMID: 17508920

• The macrophage CD163 surface glycoprotein is an erythroblast adhesion receptor. PMID: 17353345

• CD163 is a member of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich group B (SRCR-B) family and functions as a scavenger receptor for hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes. PMID: 16920481

• Soluble CD163 (sCD163) is a new macrophage-specific serum marker. PMID: 16915112

• CD163 is a member of the SRCR family class B and is expressed on most subpopulations of mature tissue macrophages. PMID: 16164022

• CD163 is a marker of activated macrophages, and increased levels of soluble CD163 have been detected in sera obtained from patients with hepatitis. PMID: 16047947

• CD163 is a membrane glycoprotein of the cysteine-rich scavenger receptor superfamily. PMID: 15925282

• CD163 is a highly expressed macrophage membrane protein belonging to the scavenger receptor cysteine rich (SRCR) domain family. PMID: 11854028

• CD163 is a member of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich family which is expressed exclusively on human monocytes and macrophages. PMID: 11688984

• CD163, also referred to as M130, a member of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich family (SRCR) is exclusively expressed on cells of the monocyte lineage. PMID: 10648003

Normal Expression

• CD163 is expressed as a membrane-bound protein. PMID: 11334962

• Normal human dermis contains distinct populations of CD11c+BDCA-1+ dendritic cells and CD163+FXIIIA+ macrophages. PMID: 17786242

• The scavenger receptor CD163 is selectively expressed on tissue macrophages and human monocytes. PMID: 17537523

• The hemoglobin (Hb) scavenger receptor, CD163, is a cell-surface glycoprotein that is expressed exclusively on monocytes and macrophages. PMID: 17164428

• CD163, a hemoglobin scavenger receptor, has demonstrated that this marker has high specificity for monocytes, macrophages, and histiocytes. PMID: 16640542

• CD163, the hemoglobin-haptoglobin receptor, has been reported to be expressed exclusively on monocyte/ macrophages. Here we demonstrate that CD163 is also expressed by a subpopulation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. PMID: 16522161

• CD163 was primarily confined to perivascular macrophages and populations of meningeal and choroid plexus macrophages in normal brains and in brains of humans and monkeys with human immunodeficiency virus or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) encephalitis. PMID: 16507898

• CD 163, a cell surface marker whose normal expression is restricted to monocytes/macrophages, in cases of HIV or SIV encephalitis (HIVE/SIVE), Alzheimer disease, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PMID: 15624762

• CD163 was observed on all CD14+ cells in synovium and tonsil with the exception of cells within larger T lymphocyte clusters in synovium and within tonsillar follicles. PMID: 12115225

Abnormal Expression

• CD163 is a selective marker of perivascular macrophages in normal macaques and during the early phases of SIV infection; however, later in infection in animals with encephalitis, CD163 is also expressed by microglia, which are probably activated as a result of vascular compromise. PMID: 18276779

• Symptomatic plaques show overexpression of CD163 and HO-1 both in intraindividual and interindividual comparison. PMID: 17095719

• The expression of CD163 and HO-1 in macrophages of neovascularized atherosclerotic lesions suggests that the pathway described herein is active in vivo. PMID: 17008602

• Besides staining nonneoplastic monocytes and histiocytes (tissue macrophages), membranous/cytoplasmic staining for CD163 was primarily limited to neoplasms with monocytic/histiocytic differentiation. CD163 reactivity was not observed in normal tissues, lymphomas, carcinomas, and in a majority of mesenchymal neoplasms, including follicular dendritic cell tumors (0 of 4), although it stained admixed histiocytes. PMID: 15832085

• We have previously shown that CD163 is expressed by acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells of monocytic lineage. Herein, we expand this finding by demonstrating constitutive and glucocorticoid-enhanced CD163 expression on French-American-British M4/M5 AML cells. PMID: 16368951

Function

• CD163 has been implicated to play a role in the clearance of hemoglobin and in the regulation of cytokine production by macrophages. PMID: 17537523

• CD163 positive macrophages or the soluble form of CD163 plays a role in the resolution of inflammation, as they are found in high numbers in inflamed tissue. PMID: 16164022

Diagnostic & Therapeutic Value

• Measurement of soluble CD163 may be a useful method of monitoring the inflammatory lesion in coeliac disease. PMID: 16886922
  Levels of sIL-2Ralpha and sCD163 are promising diagnostic markers for macrophage activation syndrome. They may also help identify patients with subclinical macrophage activation syndrome. PMID: 17328073

• The monocyte-specific marker sCD163 is a novel potential plasma marker of coronary atherosclerotic burden. PMID: 15979079

• The expression of scavenger molecule CD163 on monocytes is significantly higher in "on-pump" patients. PMID: 18320015

• CD163, a recently characterized hemoglobin scavenger receptor, appears to be a 'specific' marker of histiocytic lineage and a promising diagnostic tool for evaluating histiocytic neoplasms. PMID: 15696128

• the highly specific positivity for CD163 in this patient indicates that immunohistochemical staining of CD163 is very useful for the diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma. PMID: 15615263

• soluble CD163 may be a valuable diagnostic parameter for monitoring macrophage activation in inflammatory conditions. PMID: 15478309

• Macrophages expressing the scavenger receptor CD163 are increased in colonic mucosa in SpA and in Crohn's disease, highlighting the relationship between these entities. PMID: 15166002

• sCD163 may be a valuable laboratory parameter in monitoring disease with increased macrophage activity. PMID: 14962251

• A soluble plasma form of CD163 (sCD163) was recently identified. The protein has anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and is elevated in patients with myelo-monocytic leukaemia and infection. PMID: 12729065

• sCD163 might prove to be a valuable marker molecule in infectious and myeloproliferative diseases. PMID: 12570164

• serum levels of soluble CD163 are a sensitive and reliable marker to monitor activated macrophages in synovitis from RA patients. PMID: 12296867

Applications

ELISA

• sCD163 and Neopterin were measured by ELISA on samples collected in weeks 18, 28, 32, and 38 of pregnancy. PMID: 17712642

• CD163, a marker of anti-inflammatory macrophages, was evaluated by flow cytometry and by ELISA. PMID: 17177682

• We determined the relation between plasma sCD163 levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, membrane expressions of CD163, CD64, and CD14 on blood monocytes by flow cytometry, and monocyte counts in 129 random blood samples. PMID: 15624200

• Serum levels of the macrophage specific scavenger receptor CD163 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and were found to be highly increased in patients with RHS (median 39.0 mg/L). PMID: 15613100

• In the present study, we describe the optimization and characterization of a sandwich ELISA for the determination of the concentration of sCD163 in plasma and serum. PMID: 12476928

• To better elucidate the function and biological importance of CD163, we have developed a solid-phase sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) for the detection of soluble CD163 in biological fluids. PMID: 11334962

Flow Cytometry (FC)

• CD163 expression in dendritic cells (DCs) was investigated using multicolor flow cytometry in peripheral blood from 31 healthy donors and 15 HIV-1 patients in addition to umbilical cord blood from 5 newborn infants. PMID: 16920480

• The use of CD163 antibody is the recommended flow cytometric reference method for monocyte counting. PMID: 15070214

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

• The expression of CD163 in the liver was determined immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibody to human CD163. Double immunostaining was done to assess those cell types that express CD163 in the liver. PMID: 16047947

• Conventional immunohistochemistry and double-labeled immunofluorescence techniques were used. We show that CD163 specifically reveals PVM in the normal human CNS. In MS lesions, CD163 staining reveals expression on foamy macrophages and microglia, besides an upregulation of the amount of PVM stained. PMID: 15846794

• Paraffin-section immunohistochemical analysis was performed using a monoclonal antibody against CD163 to evaluate the antibody's usefulness in identifying cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage in normal and neoplastic conditions. PMID: 15491976

Immunoprecipitation (IP) & Immunoblotting (IB)

• The presence of sCD163 was investigated by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. The concentrations of sCD163, IL-6 and albumin were measured by ELISA. PMID: 15799739

Western Blotting (WB)

• Synovial fluid (SF) samples were analyzed by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for soluble CD163 (sCD163) and by flow cytometry for lymphocyte activation. PMID: 15146432